Two cases of HMPV have been confirmed, marking the first instances identified in the country following a reported increase in the virus in China. Both cases involve infants with a prior history of bronchopneumonia.
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV): Symptoms and Latest Developments in India
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus that has recently gained increased attention, particularly in India. A relative of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and part of the Paramyxoviridae family, hMPV causes respiratory illnesses ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. As cases continue to emerge globally and locally, awareness about the symptoms and ongoing developments in India is crucial.
What is hMPV?
Human Metapneumovirus, first identified in 2001, primarily infects the respiratory tract. It affects individuals of all ages but poses a significant risk to:
Infants and young children
Elderly individuals
Immunocompromised patients
The virus is seasonal, often surfacing in late winter to early spring, with transmission occurring through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected individuals, or contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms of hMPV
hMPV symptoms range from mild to severe, depending on the individual’s age, immune status, and pre-existing conditions. Common symptoms include:
Mild Symptoms:
Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Sore throat
Cough
Fever
Severe Symptoms:
Wheezing
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Fatigue
Complications like pneumonia and bronchiolitis (more common in high-risk groups)
Symptoms typically appear within 3-6 days of exposure and can last up to 10 days. Severe cases may require hospitalization, especially for children under five or older adults with chronic conditions.
hMPV in India: Latest Developments
Rising Cases and Public Health Concerns
In recent months, Indian health authorities have reported an increase in hMPV cases, particularly during seasonal outbreaks. This uptick has prompted heightened surveillance and diagnostic measures to distinguish hMPV from other respiratory viruses such as RSV, COVID-19, and influenza.
Diagnostic Advancements
With overlapping symptoms, identifying hMPV remains challenging. Indian labs are increasingly adopting real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing—the gold standard for detecting hMPV—to ensure accurate diagnosis. Rapid antigen tests for respiratory infections are also being evaluated for their utility in resource-limited settings.
Clinical Management
India is emphasizing supportive care for hMPV patients, including:
Hydration and fever management for mild cases
Oxygen therapy and respiratory support for severe cases
Antibiotics in case of secondary bacterial infections
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for hMPV; management is symptomatic, similar to other respiratory illnesses.
Preventive Measures
While no vaccines are available for hMPV, Indian public health campaigns are stressing preventive strategies:
Practicing hand hygiene
Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
Wearing masks in crowded areas
Enhancing respiratory etiquette, such as covering coughs and sneezes
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